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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16182</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16182</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Mini-review</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Мини-обзор</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Immunohistochemistry in forensic medicine: a mini-review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Иммуногистохимическое исследование в судебной медицине: мини-обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医学中的免疫组织化学研究：小型综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0785-6819</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5893-5925</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фролова</surname><given-names>Ольга Олеговна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Frolova</surname><given-names>Olga O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>olga.frolog@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1936-4448</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3134-8457</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Максимов</surname><given-names>Александр Викторович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Maksimov</surname><given-names>Aleksandr V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>mcsim2002@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-7659-0986</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8814-9942</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>Timofey S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Соколов</surname><given-names>Тимофей Сергеевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Sokolov</surname><given-names>Timofey S.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>slantima@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Московский областной научно-исследовательский клинический институт имени М.Ф. Владимирского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Moscow Regional Research and Clinical Institute</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">State University of Education</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Государственный университет просвещения</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">State University of Education</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-18" publication-format="electronic"><day>18</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><fpage>88</fpage><lpage>96</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-08-26"><day>26</day><month>08</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16182">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16182</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>One of the most essential problem areas of modern forensic medicine is the determination of the cause of death, the reliable and accurate identification of life-time mechanical injuries and the determination of their prescription.</p> <p>Histology has traditionally been the primary method of tissue examination. Over time, histochemistry has been incorporated, expanding the diagnostic options. Advancements in medical technology have facilitated more detailed tissue examination, which has become more widely available through the development of immunohistochemistry. This innovative method, based on the specific tissue staining, plays a crucial role in determining the cause of death, identifying lifetime mechanical injuries, and determining their prescription. A notable strength of immunohistochemistry lies in its superiority over previous methods in information content and accuracy. Furthermore, this method facilitates the identification of inflammatory markers, including cytokines, and components associated with tissue healing, such as growth factors. This approach facilitates the confirmation of the life-time injury, and the assessment of the healing stage, which greatly improves the accuracy of the determination of the time of injury. Immunohistochemistry is especially important in distinguishing true injuries from postmortem changes that may mimic a traumatic injury.</p> <p>Consequently, the incorporation of this method into forensic practice enables a more objective and accurate examination, thereby minimizing the risk of diagnostic error.</p> <p>The ongoing advancement of immunohistochemistry technologies and the increase in the range of markers used opens up new perspectives in forensic medicine and improves the reliability and informative value of expert opinions.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Определение причины смерти, достоверное и безошибочное установление прижизненного характера механических повреждений и их давности является одним из важнейших вопросов, стоящих перед современной судебной медициной.</p> <p>Гистологический метод традиционно является основным способом исследования тканей. Со временем к нему добавился гистохимический анализ, расширивший возможности диагностики. Современные медицинские технологии позволяют изучать ткани ещё глубже, что стало возможным благодаря развитию иммуногистохимического метода. Этот инновационный подход, основанный на специфическом окрашивании тканевых структур, играет важную роль в определении причин смерти, прижизненности и давности образования повреждений, значительно превосходя предыдущие методы по информативности и точности. Кроме того, данный метод даёт возможность выявлять маркёры воспалительных реакций, такие как цитокины, а также компоненты, связанные с заживлением тканей, например факторы роста. Это помогает не только подтвердить факт прижизненности повреждения, но и оценить стадию его заживления, что значительно повышает точность определения времени нанесения травмы. Особое значение имеет использование иммуногистохимии при дифференциации истинных повреждений от посмертных изменений, которые могут имитировать травматические повреждения.</p> <p>Таким образом, внедрение этого метода в судебно-медицинскую практику способствует более объективной и точной экспертизе, минимизируя вероятность диагностических ошибок.</p> <p>Дальнейшее совершенствование иммуногистохимических технологий и расширение спектра применяемых маркёров открывает новые перспективы в судебной медицине, повышая достоверность и информативность экспертных заключений.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>确定死因，正确且准确地确定机械损伤生前性质及其时效是现代法医学面临的最重要问题之一。</p> <p>传统上，显微解剖学方法是研究组织的主要方法。随着时间的推移，增加了组织化学分析，扩大了诊断的可能性。因为免疫组织化学方法的进步，现代医学技术可以更深入地研究组织。这种基于组织结构特异性染色的创新方法在确定死亡原因、损伤生前性质和时效性方面发挥了重要作用，在信息量和准确性方面显着优于之前的方法。此外，该方法可以识别炎症反应的标志物，如细胞因子，以及与组织愈合相关的成分，如生长因子。这不仅有助于确认损伤生前情况，还有助于评估其愈合阶段，从而大大提高了确定受伤时间的准确性。在区分真实损伤和模拟创伤性损伤的死后变化时，使用免疫组织化学具有重要意义。因此，将该方法引入法医学实践中，有利于更客观、更准确的鉴定，最大限度地减少诊断错误的可能性。</p> <p>免疫组织化学技术的进一步改进和所用标记物范围的扩大为法医学开辟了新的前景，提高了鉴定结论的可靠性和信息量。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>immunohistochemistry</kwd><kwd>injury prescription</kwd><kwd>forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>метод иммуногистохимического исследования</kwd><kwd>давность повреждений</kwd><kwd>судебная медицина</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>免疫组化研究方法</kwd><kwd>损伤时效</kwd><kwd>法医</kwd><kwd>审查</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Coons AH, Creech HJ, Jones RN, Berliner E. 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