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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16201</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16201</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Original study articles</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Оригинальные исследования</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>原创研究</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic characteristics of injuries sustained during the explosion of defensive grenades</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебно-медицинская характеристика повреждений, полученных при взрыве оборонительных гранат</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>防御性手榴弹爆炸伤害的法医鉴定</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0694-673X</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1167-4112</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузьмина</surname><given-names>Вера Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuzmina</surname><given-names>Vera A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>kuzminava@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4228-8973</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2326-2920</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Леонов</surname><given-names>Сергей Валерьевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Leonov</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>sleonoff@inbox.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0223-2433</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7357-3038</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Pinchuk</surname><given-names>Pavel V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Пинчук</surname><given-names>Павел Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname></surname><given-names></given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>pinchuk1967@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-5677</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1895-7300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat  A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халиков</surname><given-names>Айрат Анварович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat  A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>airat.expert@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">111 Главный государственный центр судебно-медицинских и криминалистических экспертиз</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Chief State Center for Forensic Medicine and Forensic Expertise 111</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский университет медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian University of Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И. Пирогова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">The Russian National Research Medical University named after N.I. Pirogov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-25" publication-format="electronic"><day>25</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><fpage>25</fpage><lpage>33</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-10-15"><day>15</day><month>10</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-02-07"><day>07</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16201">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16201</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><italic>BACKGROUND</italic><italic>: </italic>The forensic examination of explosive injuries caused by fragmentation hand grenades is currently of particular interest because of high incidence and the lack of differential diagnostic criteria.</p> <p><italic>AIM</italic><italic>: </italic>To examine the morphological characteristics of injuries associated with the detonation of defensive fragmentation hand grenades F-1 and RGO.</p> <p><italic>MATERIALS</italic><italic> AND METHODS: </italic>The present study was conducted by visual assessments and measurements, along with observation, comparison, generalization, and systematization of the results obtained. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed using a Hitachi FlexSem1000 II scanning electron microscope and a Bruker Quantax 80 energy-dispersive X-ray spectrometer for microstructural analysis.</p> <p><italic>RESULTS</italic><italic>: </italic>A detailed morphology of the explosive injury caused by the most commonly used defensive fragmentation hand grenades at varying distances was analyzed.</p> <p><italic>CONCLUSIONS</italic><italic>: </italic>The established morphological characteristics of the explosive injury caused by F-1 and RGO fragmentation hand grenades suggest that the type of grenade and the distance to the explosion epicenter can be reliably determined by the pattern of soot deposition, the number and morphology of tissue and biological object injuries. Scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy revealed the typical chemical composition of the damaging elements.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Изучение судебно-медицинских аспектов взрывной травмы, вызванной поражающими факторами при взрыве ручных осколочных гранат, в настоящее время представляет особый интерес в связи с большой частотой встречаемости и отсутствием дифференциально-диагностических критериев.</p> <p><bold>Цель исследования </bold>— изучить морфологические особенности повреждений, полученных при взрыве ручных осколочных гранат оборонительного типа Ф-1 и РГО.</p> <p><bold>Материалы и методы. </bold>Исследование проведено с использованием визуального и метрического методов, а также методик наблюдения, сравнения, обобщения и систематизации полученных данных. Для анализа микроструктуры объектов применены сканирующая электронная микроскопия и энергодисперсионный рентгеновский анализ, выполненные с помощью сканирующего электронного микроскопа Hitachi FlexSem1000 II и энергодисперсионного рентгеновского спектрометра Bruker Quantax 80.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Проведён анализ морфологических особенностей повреждений, причинённых поражающими факторами при взрыве наиболее часто используемых оборонительных ручных осколочных гранат на различных расстояниях.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Установленные морфологические особенности повреждений, причинённых поражающими факторами при взрыве ручных осколочных гранат Ф-1 и РГО, свидетельствуют, что по характеру отложения копоти, количеству и морфологии повреждений ткани и биологического объекта можно достаточно точно установить тип гранаты и расстояние до эпицентра взрыва. Сканирующая электронная микроскопия и энергодисперсионный анализ позволили выявить характерный химический состав поражающих элементов.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>理由。由于手榴弹爆炸造成伤害的因素导致的爆炸损伤的法医学研究目前因发生率很高，且缺乏鉴别诊断标准，具有很高需求。</p> <p>研究目的 。 研究防御型F-1和RGO手榴弹爆炸损伤的形态特征。</p> <p>材料和方法。这项研究通过视觉和度量方法，以及观察、比较、总结和系统化获得的数据的方法进行。为分析物体的微观结构，通过扫描电子显微镜 Hitachi FlexSem1000 II和能量扩散X射线谱仪Bruker Quantax 80进行扫描电子显微镜检查和能量扩散X射线分析。</p> <p>结果。分析了最常用的防御破片型手榴弹在不同距离爆炸时的破坏因素造成的损伤形态特征。</p> <p>结论。F-1和RGO手榴弹爆炸过程中破坏因素造成的损伤的既定形态特征表明，根据烟尘沉积的性质、组织和生物物体损伤的数量和形态，可以十分准确地确定手榴弹的类型和距爆炸震中的距离。扫描电子显微镜检查和能量色散分析揭示了破坏元素的特征化学成分。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>explosive injury</kwd><kwd>fragmentation hand grenades</kwd><kwd>fragmentation injury</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>взрывная травма</kwd><kwd>ручные осколочные гранаты</kwd><kwd>осколочные повреждения</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>爆炸伤</kwd><kwd>破片型手榴弹</kwd><kwd>弹片损伤</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Bozhchenko AP, Isakov VD, Yagmurov OD, et al. 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