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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16219</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16219</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Toxicologically significant properties of fly agarics, and chemicotoxicological analysis in poisoning cases: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Токсикологически значимые свойства мухоморов и химико-токсикологический анализ при отравлениях: научный обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>毒蝇伞毒理学相关特性和中毒时的化学毒理学分析： 科学综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9152-6379</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">7929-8875</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zelenshchikova</surname><given-names>Varvara A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зеленщикова</surname><given-names>Варвара Александровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zelenshchikova</surname><given-names>Varvara A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>barbarazelen02@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0861-5945</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6197-3906</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Белова</surname><given-names>Мария Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Belova</surname><given-names>Maria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор биол. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Dr. Sci. (Biology), Professor</p></bio><email>belova_m_v@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9727-9452</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5523-1359</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Melnik</surname><given-names>Elizaveta V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мельник</surname><given-names>Елизавета Валерьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Melnik</surname><given-names>Elizaveta V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>кандидат фармацевтических наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>Cand. Sci. (Pharmacy)</p></bio><email>melnik_e_v_2@staff.sechenov.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)
Sklifosovsky Research Institute for Emergency Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Научно-исследовательский институт скорой помощи имени Н.В. Склифосовского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff id="aff4"><institution>Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-03-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><fpage>63</fpage><lpage>75</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2024-11-12"><day>12</day><month>11</month><year>2024</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-03-04"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16219">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16219</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Every year the number of poisonings by <italic>Amanita </italic>(fly agaric), specifically red fly agaric (<italic>A. muscaria</italic>) and panther fly agaric (<italic>A. pantherina</italic>) increases. These species contain substances affecting the central nervous system, particularly muscimol, ibotenic acid, and muscarine. Ibotenic acid and muscimol are water-soluble isoxazole derivatives. They exert antagonistic effects on the central nervous system, stimulating and depressing it through inotropic glutamate receptors, which selectively bind N-methyl-D-aspartate, and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. The combined action of isoxazoles and other compounds of the fungus leads to the development of mycoatropin or pantherin syndromes. Muscimol is the most toxicologically significant, as it is capable of exerting a strong psychodysleptic effect, as well as causing disorder of consciousness up to the development of coma. Ibotenic acid is of equal importance in establishing the fact of fly agaric use, but in many cases it is almost completely converted to muscimol in the body. At this stage, active development of methods is underway to diagnose fly agaric poisoning: qualitative and quantitative determination of ibotenic acid derivatives in biological fluids (blood plasma and urine).</p> <p>This review includes morphological features of red and panther fly agaric, their chemical composition and mechanisms of action of toxicologically significant compounds, types of qualitative and quantitative analysis, and symptoms of poisoning.</p> <p>There are various methods to determine the etiology of poisoning, including polymerase chain reaction, micro- and macroscopy, but they do not allow determining the exact amount of toxicants correlating with the severity of poisoning. Precise physico-chemical methods such as chromatography and electrophoresis, which require multi-step sample preparation, are applicable for these purposes. Isolation from biological fluids or fruit bodies is accomplished by single-step or multi-step liquid-liquid or solid-phase extraction. The universal and most common extractant is 75% methanol. For qualitative analysis, thin layer chromatography with different solvent systems can be used. However, this analysis is non-specific and can be used in the preliminary phase of the study because the detectors used are group-wide. Gas and high-performance liquid chromatography are used for quantitative determination. These methods are highly precise; however, they require sample preparation. An alternative to chromatography is electrophoresis, an express method for the separation of muscimol and ibotenic acid.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>С каждым годом возрастает число отравлений грибами рода <italic>Amanita </italic>(мухомор), особенно видами мухомор красный (<italic>A. muscaria</italic>) и мухомор пантерный (<italic>A. pantherina</italic>). Данные виды содержат вещества, влияющие на деятельность центральной нервной системы, в частности мусцимол, иботеновая кислота, мускарин. Иботеновая кислота и мусцимол — водорастворимые производные изоксазола. Они оказывают антагонистическое действие на центральную нервную систему, стимулируя и угнетая её через инотропные рецепторы глутамата, селективно связывающие N-метил-D-аспартат, и рецепторы γ-аминомасляной кислоты соответственно. Сочетанное действие изоксазолов и других соединений гриба приводит к развитию микоатропинового или пантериновового синдрома. Мусцимол является наиболее токсикологически значимым, поскольку способен оказывать сильный психодислептический эффект, а также вызывать угнетение сознания вплоть до развития комы. Иботеновая кислота имеет не меньшее значение при установлении факта употребления мухоморов, но во многих случаях она практически полностью преобразуется в мусцимол в организме. На данном этапе ведётся активная разработка методик, которые бы позволили диагностировать отравления мухоморами: качественно и количественно определять производные иботеновой кислоты в биологических жидкостях (плазме крови и моче).</p> <p>В данном обзоре рассмотрены морфологические особенности мухомора красного и пантерного, их химический состав и механизмы действия токсикологически значимых соединений, варианты качественного и количественного анализа, а также клиническая картина отравления.</p> <p>Существуют различные методы определения этиологии отравления — полимеразная цепная реакция, микро- и макроскопия, однако они не позволяют определить точное количество токсикантов, коррелирующее с тяжестью отравления. Для данных целей подходят точные физико-химические методы, такие как хроматография и электрофорез, требующие проведение многоэтапной пробоподготовки. Изолирование из биологических жидкостей или плодовых тел происходит с помощью одноэтапной или многоэтапной жидкость-жидкостной или твердофазной экстракции. Универсальным и самым распространённым экстрагентом является 75% метанол. Для качественного анализа возможно применение тонкослойной хроматографии с различными системами растворителей. Однако такой анализ неспецифичен и его можно применять на предварительном этапе исследования, поскольку используемые детекторы являются общегрупповыми. Для количественного определения применяют газовую и высокоэффективную жидкостную хроматографию. Это очень точные, но требующие пробоподготовки методы. Альтернативой хроматографии является электрофорез — экспрессный метод разделения мусцимола и иботеновой кислоты.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p><italic>Amanita</italic>菌（毒蝇伞）中毒，尤其是红色鹅膏菌（<italic>A</italic><italic>.muscaria</italic>）和豹斑鹅膏（<italic>A</italic><italic>.pantherina</italic>)中毒数量逐年增加。这些物种含有影响中枢神经系统活动的物质，特别是蝇蕈醇、鹅膏蕈氨酸和蝇蕈素。鹅膏蕈氨酸和蝇蕈醇是异恶唑的水溶性衍生物。它们对中枢神经系统具有拮抗作用，通过选择性绑定N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸的谷氨酸受体和γ受体（分别是氨基丁酸）刺激和抑制中枢神经系统。异恶唑和其他真菌化合物的联合作用导致毒蕈碱样症状或豹斑毒鹅膏菌中毒症状。蝇蕈醇在毒理学上最重要，因为它能够产生强烈影响，使精神错乱，并导致抑制意识直至昏迷。鹅膏蕈氨酸在确定毒蝇伞的摄入方面同样重要，但在很多情况下，它在体内几乎完全转化为蝇蕈醇。当前阶段，正在积极开发诊断毒蝇伞中毒的方法：定性和定量测定生物体液（血浆和尿液）中的鹅膏蕈氨酸衍生物。</p> <p>本综述中介绍了红色鹅膏菌和豹斑鹅膏菌的形态特征、化学成分和毒理学重要化合物的作用机制、定性和定量分析的方案，以及中毒的临床情况。</p> <p>确定中毒病因的方法有多种—聚合酶链反应、微观和宏观检查，但它们无法确定与中毒严重程度相关的毒物的确切数量。需要多级样品制备的精确物理化学方法，如色谱和电泳，适用于这些目的。通过单级或多级液-液或固相萃取，从生物液体或果实体中分离。通用且最常见的萃取剂是75%的甲醇。对于定性分析，可以使用不同溶剂系统的薄层色谱法。但是，因为所使用的探测器是通用型的，而这种分析属于非特异性的，只可以在研究的初步阶段使用。定量测定采用气相色谱法和高效液相色谱法。这是非常精确的，但需要样品制备的方法。替代色谱法的方法是电泳法，这是一种分离蝇蕈醇和鹅膏蕈氨酸的快速方法。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Amanita</kwd><kwd>mycoatropin syndrome</kwd><kwd>pantherin syndrome</kwd><kwd>muscimol</kwd><kwd>ibotenic acid</kwd><kwd>high-performance liquid chromatography</kwd><kwd>capillary electrophoresis</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Amanita</kwd><kwd>микоатропиновый синдром</kwd><kwd>пантериновый синдром</kwd><kwd>мусцимол</kwd><kwd>иботеновая кислота</kwd><kwd>высокоэффективная жидкостная хроматография</kwd><kwd>капиллярный электрофорез</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>Amanita</kwd><kwd>毒蕈碱样症状</kwd><kwd>豹斑毒鹅膏菌中毒症状</kwd><kwd>蝇蕈醇</kwd><kwd>鹅膏蕈氨酸</kwd><kwd>高效液相色谱法</kwd><kwd>毛细管电泳</kwd><kwd>审查</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Severtsev VV. 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