<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16256</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16256</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">XJRSVO</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Technical reports</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Технические отчеты</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>技术报告</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Online histostereometric analysis in digital forensic pathology: a technical report</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гистостереометрический онлайн-анализ в судебно-медицинской цифровой патологии: технический отчёт</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医数字病理学中的组织立体几何在线分析</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-7542-7235</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2407-7937</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedugov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недугов</surname><given-names>Владимир Германович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nedugov</surname><given-names>Vladimir G.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>nedugovvg@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-5237-7739</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Жукова</surname><given-names>Анна Валерьевна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Zhukova</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>anna.zhuk.dreamer@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7380-3766</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3828-8091</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nedugov</surname><given-names>German V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Недугов</surname><given-names>Герман Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nedugov</surname><given-names>German V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>доктор медицинских наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>nedugovh@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Samara State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Samara National Research University (Samara University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Самарский национальный исследовательский университет имени академика С.П. Королёва</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Samara National Research University (Samara University)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><content-language>en</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-07-31" publication-format="electronic"><day>31</day><month>07</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-08-27" publication-format="electronic"><day>27</day><month>08</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>2</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>145</fpage><lpage>154</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-02-05"><day>05</day><month>02</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-09"><day>09</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025,</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-08-27"/></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16256">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16256</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p><bold>BACKGROUND</bold><bold>:<italic> </italic></bold>Quantitative image analysis of histological, histochemical, and immunohistochemical specimens is an essential component of digital forensic pathology. However, the scarcity of commercial analysis software limits the widespread implementation of digital pathology principles, and thus objective histological diagnosis, in forensic medical examinations in Russia. This article presents a readily accessible online application for automated histostereometric image analysis of histological and immunohistochemical specimens, as well as digital photographs of individual fields of view.</p> <p><bold>AIM</bold><bold>: </bold>The work aimed to develop an online tool for histostereometric analysis of images used in digital forensic pathology.</p> <p><bold>METHODS</bold><bold>: </bold>This work presents an online application compatible with Windows, Linux, Android, and iOS operating systems. The application is designed to detect microstructures with specific color characteristics in digital images and perform histostereometric analysis. The software code was written in JavaScript using the open-source library OpenCV.</p> <p><bold>RESULTS</bold><bold>: </bold>An online application Color Histostereometry Calculator was developed to determine the relative volume and number of microstructures with specific color characteristics in raster images of histological and immunohistochemical specimens. The application uses the HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) color model, with the ability to adjust the ranges of color parameters and the minimum size of the analyzed regions; moreover, it identifies microstructures based on their color characteristics rather than geometric features. This allows for the exclusion of various image artifacts from the analysis, the segmentation of overlapping structures, and the evaluation of morphometric parameters for an infinitesimally thin section, thereby eliminating the influence of section thickness on the analysis results.</p> <p><bold>CONCLUSION</bold><bold>: </bold>The proposed online application is recommended for histostereometric analysis in digital forensic pathology.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p><bold>Обоснование. </bold>Необходимым элементом судебно-медицинской цифровой патологии является количественный анализ изображений гистологических, гистохимических и иммуногистохимических препаратов. Однако труднодоступность коммерческих пакетов анализа ограничивает масштабирование принципов цифровой патологии и соответственно методов объективной гистологической диагностики в отечественной судебно-медицинской экспертизе. В настоящей статье предложено доступное онлайн-приложение, выполняющее автоматизированный гистостереометрический анализ изображений гистологических и иммуногистохимических препаратов, а также цифровых снимков их отдельных полей зрения.</p> <p><bold>Цель работы. </bold>Разработка онлайн-инструмента гистостереометрического анализа изображений судебно-медицинской цифровой патологии.</p> <p><bold>Методы. </bold>В работе представлена разработка онлайн-приложения, совместимого с операционными системами Windows, Linux, Android и IOS, предназначенного для выделения на цифровых изображениях микрообъектов с заданными цветовыми свойствами и их гистостереометрического анализа. Код приложения писали на языке программирования JavaScript с использованием открытой библиотеки openCV.</p> <p><bold>Результаты. </bold>Разработано онлайн-приложение Color Histostereometry Calculator, предназначенное для определения на растровых изображениях гистологических и иммуногистохимических препаратов удельного объёма и количества микрообъектов с заданными цветовыми характеристиками. Использование цветовой модели HSV (Hue, Saturation, Value) с возможностью настройки диапазонов цветовых параметров и минимальных размеров учитываемых областей, а также принцип идентификации микрообъектов на основе их цветовых характеристик, а не геометрических признаков, позволяет исключать из анализа различные артефакты изображения, сегментировать наслоившиеся структуры и оценивать морфометрические показатели для бесконечно тонкого среза, тем самым устраняя влияние толщины срезов на результаты анализа.</p> <p><bold>Заключение. </bold>Разработанное онлайн-приложение рекомендуется для выполнения гистостереометрического анализа в судебно-медицинской цифровой патологии.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>论证：法医数字病理学的重要组成部分是对组织学、组织化学和免疫组织化学切片图像的定量分析。然而，商业分析软件获取受限，制约了数字病理学原理及其在俄罗斯法医学鉴定实践中客观组织学诊断方法的推广。本文提出了一种可访问的在线工具，可自动执行组织学和免疫组织化学切片图像及其局部视野图像的组织立体几何分析。</p> <p>目的：开发一款用于法医数字病理图像组织立体几何分析的在线工具。</p> <p>方法：本研究开发了一个兼容Windows、Linux、Android和iOS操作系统的在线应用程序，用于在数字图像中识别具有特定颜色特征的微观对象并进行组织立体几何分析。该程序使用JavaScript编写，基于开源库OpenCV实现。</p> <p>结果：成功开发了名为Color Histostereometry Calculator的在线应用程序，用于在组织学和免疫组织化学切片的光栅图像中确定具有指定颜色特征的微观对象的体积分数和数量。该工具基于 HSV（Hue, Saturation, Value）颜色模型，支持设置颜色参数范围和最小计量区域大小。采用基于颜色特征而非几何形态识别微观对象的策略，可有效排除图像伪影、分割重叠结构，并针对理想无限薄切片评估形态计量指标，从而消除切片厚度对分析结果的影响。</p> <p>结论：所开发的在线应用程序可推荐用于法医数字病理学中的组织立体几何分析。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>histostereometric analysis</kwd><kwd>image analysis</kwd><kwd>online application</kwd><kwd>digital pathology</kwd><kwd>forensic medical examination</kwd><kwd>technical report</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гистостереометрический анализ</kwd><kwd>анализ изображений</kwd><kwd>онлайн-приложение</kwd><kwd>цифровая патология</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>технический отчёт</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>组织立体几何分析</kwd><kwd>图像分析</kwd><kwd>在线应用程序</kwd><kwd>数字病理学</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd><kwd>技术报告</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang MZ, Meng YL, Ling HS, et al. Research Status and Prospects of Non-Traumatic Fat Embolism in Forensic Medicine. Fa Yi Xue Za Zhi. 2022;38(2):263–266. doi: 10.12116/j.issn.1004-5619.2020.401002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Abouzahir H, Regragui M, Tolba CS, et al. Histopathological Diagnosis of Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy: A Review of Three Autopsy Cases. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2022;44(2):277–283. Available from: https://mjpath.org.my/2022/v44n2/arrhythmias.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Tan L, Byard RW. Cardiac Amyloid Deposition and the Forensic Autopsy - A Review and Analysis. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. 2024;103:102663. doi: 10.1016/j.jflm.2024.102663 EDN: FPPMTV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Ghamlouch A, De Simone S, Dimattia F, et al. Microscopic and Macroscopic Findings in Cocaine and Crack Airways Injuries: A Literature Review. La Clinica Terapeutica. 2025;176(2 suppl. 1):83–88. doi: 10.7417/CT.2025.5193</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang DY, Venkat A, Khasawneh H, et al. Implementation of Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence in Routine Pathology Practice. Laboratory Investigation. 2024;104(9):102111. doi: 10.1016/j.labinv.2024.102111 EDN: CVTKOA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Jariyapan P, Pora W, Kasamsumran N, Lekawanvijit S. Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence in Diagnostic Pathology. The Malaysian Journal of Pathology. 2025;47(1):3–12. Available from: https://www.mjpath.org.my/2025/v47n1/digital-pathology-and-AI.pdf</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Fabián O, Švajdler M, Jirásek T. Integration of Digital Pathology Workflow in the Anatomic Pathology Laboratory. Československá Patologie. 2025;61(1):22–28. Available from: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40456622/</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Gutman DA, Khalilia M, Lee S, et al. The Digital Slide Archive: A Software Platform for Management, Integration, and Analysis of Histology for Cancer Research. Cancer Research. 2017;77(21):e75–e78. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-17-0629</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Pallua JD, Brunner A, Zelger B, et al. The Future of Pathology is Digital. Pathology - Research and Practice. 2020;216(9):153040. doi: 10.1016/j.prp.2020.153040 EDN: WDORBN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Jahn SW, Plass M, Moinfar F. Digital Pathology: Advantages, Limitations and Emerging Perspectives. Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020;9(11):3697. doi: 10.3390/jcm9113697 EDN: UHOJAO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Hijazi A, Bifulco C, Baldin P, Galon J. Digital Pathology for Better Clinical Practice. Cancers. 2024;16(9):1686. doi: 10.3390/cancers16091686 EDN: IHIAYP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Baxi V, Edwards R, Montalto M, Saha S. Digital Pathology and Artificial Intelligence in Translational Medicine and Clinical Practice. Modern Pathology. 2022;35(1):23–32. doi: 10.1038/s41379-021-00919-2 EDN: HCPFJI</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Hassell LA, Absar SF, Chauhan C, et al. Pathology Education Powered by Virtual and Digital Transformation: Now and the Future. Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine. 2022;147(4):474–491. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2021-0473-ra EDN: LIQBYN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Kiran N, Sapna FNU, Kiran FNU, et al. Digital Pathology: Transforming Diagnosis in the Digital Age. Cureus. 2023;15(90):e44620. doi: 10.7759/cureus.44620 EDN: HGTEMP</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Tizhoosh HR, Pantanowitz L. On Image Search in Histopathology. Journal of Pathology Informatics. 2024;15:100375. doi: 10.1016/j.jpi.2024.100375 EDN: LHYVMG</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Louis DN, Feldman M, Carter AB, et al. Computational Pathology: A Path Ahead. Archives of Pathology &amp; Laboratory Medicine. 2015;140(1):41–50. doi: 10.5858/arpa.2015-0093-SA</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Nam S, Chong Y, Jung CK, et al. Introduction to Digital Pathology and Computer-Aided Pathology. Journal of Pathology and Translational Medicine. 2020;54(2):125–134. doi: 10.4132/jptm.2019.12.31 EDN: LFTRDW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Hosseini MS, Bejnordi BE, Trinh VQH, et al. Computational Pathology: A Survey Review and the Way Forward. Journal of Pathology Informatics. 2024;15:100357. doi: 10.1016/j.jpi.2023.100357 EDN: LVMRRM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kobek M, Jankowski Z, Szala J, et al. Time-Related Morphometric Studies of Neurofilaments in Brain Contusions. Folia Neuropathologica. 2016;1:50–58. doi: 10.5114/fn.2016.58915</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou Y, Zhang J, Huang J, et al. Digital Whole-Slide Image Analysis for Automated Diatom Test in Forensic Cases of Drowning Using a Convolutional Neural Network Algorithm. Forensic Science International. 2019;302:109922. doi: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109922</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Garland J, Hu M, Duffy M, et al. Classifying Microscopic Acute and Old Myocardial Infarction Using Convolutional Neural Networks. American Journal of Forensic Medicine &amp; Pathology. 2021;42(3):230–234. doi: 10.1097/paf.0000000000000672 EDN: VCAELO</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Li D, Zhang J, Guo W, et al. A Diagnostic Strategy for Pulmonary Fat Embolism Based on Routine H&amp;E Staining Using Computational Pathology. International Journal of Legal Medicine. 2023;138(3):849–858. doi: 10.1007/s00414-023-03136-5 EDN: AZHOBN</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Volonnino G, De Paola L, Spadazzi F, et al. Artificial Intelligence and Future Perspectives in Forensic Medicine: A Systematic Review. Clin Ter. 2024;175(3):193–202. doi: 10.7417/CT.2024.5062</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Bankhead P. Developing Image Analysis Methods for Digital Pathology. The Journal of Pathology. 2022;257(4):391–402. doi: 10.1002/path.5921 EDN: SWPEFT</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Stodden V, Seiler J, Ma Z. An Empirical Analysis of Journal Policy Effectiveness for Computational Reproducibility. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 2018;115(11):2584–2589. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1708290115</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Cadwallader L, Papin JA, Mac Gabhann F, Kirk R. Collaborating With Our Community to Increase Code Sharing. PLOS Computational Biology. 2021;17(3):e1008867. doi: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008867 EDN: PZRYDC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Couture JL, Blake RE, McDonald G, Ward CL. A Funder-Imposed Data Publication Requirement Seldom Inspired Data Sharing. PLOS ONE. 2018;13(7):e0199789. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199789</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Perkel JM. How to Fix Your Scientific Coding Errors. Nature. 2022;602(7895):172–173. doi: 10.1038/d41586-022-00217-0 EDN: AQEQYM</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Levet F, Carpenter AE, Eliceiri KW, et al. Developing Open-Source Software for Bioimage Analysis: Opportunities and Challenges. F1000Research. 2021;10:302. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.52531.1 EDN: VTEMIZ</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Nowogrodzki J. How to Support Open-Source Software and Stay Sane. Nature. 2019;571(7763):133–134. doi: 10.1038/d41586-019-02046-0</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Nedugov GV. Morphometric Diagnostics of the Age Of Encapsulated Subdural Hematomas. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2011;54(3):19–22. EDN: PXKDWV</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Avtandilov GG. Fundamentals of Quantitative Pathological Anatomy: A Tutorial. Moscow: Meditsina; 2002. (In Russ.) ISBN: 5-225-04151-5 Available from: https://rusneb.ru/catalog/000200_000018_RU_NLR_bibl_330460/?ysclid=mdhec2t2c326584559</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Nedugov GV. Determination of the Duration of Extrauterine Life of Premature Infants by the Severity of Postnatal Involution of the Hematopoietic Tissue of the Liver. Forensic Medical Expertise. 2005;48(5):9–12. (In Russ.)</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
