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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16275</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16275</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">UPGNDA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">State of the issue in forensic diagnosis of drowning and determination of postmortem immersion time: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Состояние вопроса судебно-медицинской диагностики утопления и определения длительности пребывания трупа в воде: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>溺水法医学诊断与尸体在水中停留时间鉴定的研究现状： 综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0007-3745-4590</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poltarev</surname><given-names>Sergei V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полтарев</surname><given-names>Сергей Васильевич</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Poltarev</surname><given-names>Sergei V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>poltarevsv@zdrav.mos.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6035-9485</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Karataeva</surname><given-names>Guzel H.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Каратаева</surname><given-names>Гузель Хайдаровна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Karataeva</surname><given-names>Guzel H.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>koshka-gu@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2219-5315</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3116-2928</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shigeev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шигеев</surname><given-names>Сергей Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Shigeev</surname><given-names>Sergey V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>shigeev@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, Moscow</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы, Москва</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination, Moscow</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>399</fpage><lpage>408</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-17"><day>17</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-09-30"><day>30</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://eco-vector.com/for_authors.php#07</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16275">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16275</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>This review examines the current state of forensic diagnostics in drowning cases and the determination of postmortem immersion time. The analysis focuses on methods used to establish both the fact of drowning and the duration of body immersion in an aquatic environment. Specialized data on the diagnosis of drowning and the determination of postmortem immersion time were analyzed. A total of 73 sources were reviewed, including 20 Russian and 53 international publications.</p> <p>In determining postmortem immersion time, the primary method remains the evaluation of skin maceration degree. However, additional approaches are also explored. For instance, it has been shown that hair mass stabilizes after a certain period of water exposure, which can serve as an indicator of immersion duration, though such analysis requires specialized laboratory equipment. Furthermore, the article reviews the temperature effect on the decomposition rate, which varies with environmental conditions. Histological and microbiological methods play an important role in refining the time a body spent in water, as well as in analyzing the species composition of algae and other microorganisms involved in postmortem tissue transformation.</p> <p>In forensic practice, establishing the fact of drowning and estimating the duration of immersion require an integrated, multidisciplinary approach to enhance diagnostic accuracy and objectivity. However, the ambiguity in interpreting the results obtained using existing methods highlights the need for further improvement of traditional forensic examination approaches and techniques. The development and implementation of novel diagnostic technologies based on modern instrumental, molecular, and digital techniques remain highly relevant tasks.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>В статье рассмотрено состояние вопроса судебно-медицинской диагностики утопления и определения длительности пребывания трупа в воде. Проведён анализ методов исследования, позволяющих устанавливать факт утопления человека, а также длительность пребывания тел погибших в водной среде. Проанализирована специальная литература, посвящённая диагностике утопления и определению длительности пребывания трупа в водной среде. Всего рассмотрено 77 источников, включая 20 отечественных и 57 зарубежных.</p> <p>В контексте определения давности пребывания тела в воде основным методом остаётся исследование степени мацерации кожных покровов. Вместе с тем рассматривают и дополнительные подходы. Например, установлено, что масса волос стабилизируется после определённого времени пребывания в водной среде, что можно использовать для оценки длительности экспозиции, однако проведение подобного анализа требует специализированного лабораторного оборудования. Кроме того, рассматривают влияние температуры на процессы гниения, скорость которых варьирует в зависимости от условий окружающей среды. Важное значение имеют гистологические и микробиологические методы, позволяющие уточнить время пребывания трупа в воде, а также анализ видового состава водорослей и других микроорганизмов, участвующих в посмертной трансформации тканей.</p> <p>В судебно-медицинской практике установление факта утопления и определение длительности пребывания тела в водной среде требуют комплексного подхода, направленного на повышение точности и объективности диагностики. Однако неоднозначность интерпретации результатов, получаемых при использовании существующих методов, подчёркивает необходимость дальнейшего совершенствования традиционных подходов и методик судебно-медицинской экспертизы. Актуальной задачей остаётся разработка и внедрение новых диагностических технологий, основанных на современных инструментальных, молекулярных и цифровых методах исследования.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>本文综述了溺水的法医学诊断及确定尸体在水中停留时间的问题现状。</p> <p>分析了用于确定溺水事实以及评估尸体在水环境中停留时间的研究方法。</p> <p>分析了有关溺水诊断及尸体在水环境中停留时间鉴定的专门文献。共分析了73篇资料，其中包括20篇俄文资料和53篇外文资料。</p> <p>在确定尸体在水中停留时间的研究中，皮肤浸渍程度的分析仍是主要方法。同时，也提出了一些辅助性评估途径。例如，有研究发现，头发在水中浸泡一定时间后其质量趋于稳定，可用于估计暴露时间，但此类分析需要专门的实验室设备。此外，水温对尸体腐败过程有显著影响，其分解速度因环境条件不同而变化。组织学和微生物学方法在确定尸体在水中停留时间方面具有重要意义，同时分析参与尸体组织死后转化的藻类及其他微生物的种类组成，也有助于进一步明确其在水中停留的时间。</p> <p>在法医学实践中，确认溺水事实并确定尸体在水中停留时间需采用综合性研究方法，以提高诊断的准确性与客观性。然而，现有方法所得结果的解释仍存在不确定性，这凸显了进一步完善传统法医学检测手段和鉴定方法的必要性。当前的重点任务是开发和应用基于现代仪器、分子和数字研究方法的新型诊断技术。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>postmortem immersion time</kwd><kwd>aquatic environment</kwd><kwd>morphological changes</kwd><kwd>hair</kwd><kwd>water temperature</kwd><kwd>decomposition</kwd><kwd>histology</kwd><kwd>microbiological methods</kwd><kwd>algae</kwd><kwd>putrefaction</kwd><kwd>forensic examination</kwd><kwd>drowning</kwd><kwd>cause of death</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>длительность пребывания трупа в воде</kwd><kwd>водная среда</kwd><kwd>морфологические изменения</kwd><kwd>волосы</kwd><kwd>температура воды</kwd><kwd>процессы гниения</kwd><kwd>гистология</kwd><kwd>микробиологические методы</kwd><kwd>водоросли</kwd><kwd>разложение</kwd><kwd>судебно-медицинская экспертиза</kwd><kwd>утопление</kwd><kwd>причины смерти</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>尸体在水中停留时间</kwd><kwd>水环境</kwd><kwd>形态学变化</kwd><kwd>毛发</kwd><kwd>水温</kwd><kwd>腐败过程</kwd><kwd>组织学</kwd><kwd>微生物学方法</kwd><kwd>藻类</kwd><kwd>分解</kwd><kwd>法医学鉴定</kwd><kwd>溺水</kwd><kwd>死因</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Gianfrancesco H, Sternard BT. 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