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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16284</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16284</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">HEALQI</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic bone proteomics: novel biomarkers and technologies for estimating the postmortem interval (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебно-медицинская протеомика костей: новые биомаркёры и технологии оценки давности наступления смерти (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医骨骼蛋白质组学：死亡时间评估的新型生物标志物与技术 (综述)</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2534-6385</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8904-2046</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Mustafina</surname><given-names>Gulgena R.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Мустафина</surname><given-names>Гульгена Раисовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Mustafina</surname><given-names>Gulgena R.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>gulgenarm@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1045-5677</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">1895-7300</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Халиков</surname><given-names>Айрат Анварович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Khalikov</surname><given-names>Airat A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, профессор</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Dr. Sci. (Medicine), Professor</p></bio><email>airat.expert@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2405-1801</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">3053-3773</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Kirill O.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кузнецов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Олегович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kuznetsov</surname><given-names>Kirill O.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD</p></bio><email>kuznetsovarticles@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1160-7241</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">6340-5202</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Nazarova</surname><given-names>Elmira M.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Назарова</surname><given-names>Эльмира Муратовна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Nazarova</surname><given-names>Elmira M.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, доцент</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine), Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>egevan@list.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Башкирский государственный медицинский университет</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bashkir State Medical University</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Уфимский университет науки и технологий</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Ufa University of Science and Technology</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Бюро судебно-медицинской экспертизы</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Bureau of Forensic Medical Examination</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2025-10-20" publication-format="electronic"><day>20</day><month>10</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2025-11-24" publication-format="electronic"><day>24</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>266</fpage><lpage>275</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-03-26"><day>26</day><month>03</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-06-26"><day>26</day><month>06</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2027-11-24"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16284">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16284</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Bone proteomics is a rapidly evolving field in forensic medicine aimed at determining the postmortem interval. Unlike traditional approaches, this method enables quantitative and molecular-level analysis of protein composition changes in bone tissue. Highly degradation-resistant proteins are considered reliable biomarkers for estimating the postmortem interval, providing more accurate and objective results. Mass spectrometry, in combination with modern bioinformatics tools and machine learning technologies, allows for a detailed investigation of postmortem protein degradation processes and the identification of time-dependent molecular patterns. However, environmental factors such as humidity, temperature, soil composition, and microbial activity significantly affect protein preservation in bone tissue, underscoring the need for standardized analytical protocols.</p> <p>This review summarizes key methods of bone proteomic analysis, prospects for its integration with metabolomics and lipidomics, and the potential of machine learning in postmortem interval estimation. Further research in this field should aim at validating biomarkers, standardizing techniques, and integrating these methods into forensic practice.</p> <p>The development of forensic bone proteomics opens new possibilities, offering more precise data in complex medico-legal cases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Протеомика костной ткани — это быстро развивающееся направление судебной медицины, ориентированное на установление давности наступления смерти. В отличие от традиционных подходов, этот метод позволяет проводить количественный и молекулярный анализ изменений белкового состава костей. Высокоустойчивые к деградации белки рассматривают как надёжные биомаркёры давности наступления смерти, обеспечивающие более точные и объективные результаты. Масс-спектрометрические методы в сочетании с современными биоинформационными подходами и технологиями машинного обучения позволяют проводить детальный анализ процессов деградации белков и выявлять закономерности их изменений в зависимости от времени, прошедшего после смерти. Однако на сохранность белков костной ткани существенно влияют такие факторы окружающей среды, как влажность, температура, состав почвы и микробная активность, что обусловливает необходимость разработки стандартизированных протоколов анализа.</p> <p>В обзоре рассмотрены ключевые методы протеомного анализа костей, перспективы его интеграции с метаболомикой и липидомикой, а также возможности применения машинного обучения для оценки давности наступления смерти. Дальнейшие исследования в этой области должны быть направлены на валидацию биомаркёров, стандартизацию методик и их внедрение в судебно-медицинскую практику.</p> <p>Развитие судебной протеомики костей открывает новые возможности, позволяя получать более точные данные в сложных судебно-медицинских случаях.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>骨骼蛋白质组学是法医学中快速发展的研究领域，主要致力于确定死亡时间。与传统方法不同，该技术可在定量与分子水平上分析骨组织中蛋白质成分的变化。具有高度抗降解性的蛋白质被视为评估死亡时间的可靠生物标志物，可获得更精确、客观的结果。质谱分析技术结合现代生物信息学方法和机器学习技术，使得能够对死亡后蛋白质降解过程进行深入分析，并揭示其随时间推移的变化规律。然而，环境因素，如湿度、温度、土壤成分和微生物活性，对骨组织蛋白的保存具有显著影响，这凸显出建立标准化分析方案的必要性。</p> <p>本文综述了骨骼蛋白质组学的关键分析方法，探讨了其与代谢组学、脂质组学整合的前景，以及机器学习在死亡时间评估中的应用潜力。未来研究应着重于生物标志物的验证、方法学标准化及其在法医学实践中的推广。</p> <p>法医骨骼蛋白质组学的发展开辟了新的可能性，使在复杂法医学案件中能够获得更为准确的数据。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>bone proteomics</kwd><kwd>forensic medicine</kwd><kwd>mass spectrometry</kwd><kwd>biomarkers</kwd><kwd>postmortem interval</kwd><kwd>PMI</kwd><kwd>protein degradation</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>протеомика костей</kwd><kwd>судебная медицина</kwd><kwd>масс-спектрометрия</kwd><kwd>биомаркёры</kwd><kwd>давность наступления смерти</kwd><kwd>ДНС</kwd><kwd>белковая деградация</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>骨骼蛋白质组学</kwd><kwd>法医学</kwd><kwd>质谱分析</kwd><kwd>生物标志物</kwd><kwd>死亡时间</kwd><kwd>PMI</kwd><kwd>蛋白质降解</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar S, Singh P. 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