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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16319</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16319</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PZIOET</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject></subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Etiopathogenesis of sudden autopsy-negative death in different age groups: a review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Этиопатогенез внезапной аутопсия-негативной смерти в разных возрастных группах: обзор</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>不同年龄组解剖阴性的猝死：病因与发病机制综述</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0005-0993-9430</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">5876-3149</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Vdovina</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Вдовина</surname><given-names>Дарья Владимировна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Vdovina</surname><given-names>Daria V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU"></country></address><email>darya.vlvdovina@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2996-6194</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">8764-6577</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kadykova</surname><given-names>Anastasya I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Кадыкова</surname><given-names>Анастасия Игоревна</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Kadykova</surname><given-names>Anastasya I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><email>KadykovaAI@sportfmba.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2843-5650</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2964-0498</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Bullikh</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Буллих</surname><given-names>Артём Владимирович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Bullikh</surname><given-names>Artem V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>bullich83@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8389-3841</contrib-id><contrib-id contrib-id-type="spin">2957-1687</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Деев</surname><given-names>Роман Вадимович</given-names></name><name xml:lang="zh"><surname>Deev</surname><given-names>Roman V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, Cand. Sci. (Medicine)</p></bio><email>romdey@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Russian Scientific Center of Surgery named after academician B.V. Petrovsky</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Российский научный центр хирургии имени академика Б.В. Петровского</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">Russian Scientific Center of Surgery named after academician B.V. Petrovsky</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">National Center of Sports Medicine</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Национальный центр спортивной медицины</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">National Center of Sports Medicine</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff3"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Северо-Западный государственный медицинскй университет имени И.И. Мечникова</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">North-Western State Medical University named after I.I. Mechnikov</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff4"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">“MEDSI” Group of Companies</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">Группа компаний «Медси»</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="zh">“MEDSI” Group of Companies</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-01-19" publication-format="electronic"><day>19</day><month>01</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>376</fpage><lpage>387</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-22"><day>22</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16319">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16319</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A sudden unexplained death poses a significant challenge to forensic scientists. The etiology and pathogenesis of sudden autopsy-negative death are currently not well understood. Major diagnostic challenges include interpreting cardiac structural changes of unknown significance, identifying structural and functional aberrations in the brain's regulatory systems, and determining the relevance of advanced postmortem molecular genetic testing (molecular autopsy).</p> <p>This review summarizes the current concepts of the etiopathogenetic mechanisms of sudden unexplained death in different age groups, focusing on using molecular autopsy in forensic medicine to determine the exact cause of death. The reviewed papers confirm the importance of a thorough postmortem diagnosis in cases of sudden autopsy-negative death. Standard clinical or forensic autopsy is often insufficient to establish the cause of death, so current autopsy protocols should be expanded to include additional methods. A multidisciplinary team of pathologists, geneticists, and cardiologists is required to determine the cause of sudden autopsy-negative death, as it could be caused by various conditions. The integration of advanced techniques into forensic practice helps overcome the limitations of standard autopsy protocols, providing more profound insights into the true causes of sudden death and offering an opportunity to prevent it in the victim's relatives.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Внезапная необъяснимая смерть представляет значительную диагностическую проблему в практике судебно-медицинской экспертизы. На современном этапе этиология и патогенез внезапной аутопсия-негативной смерти до конца не изучены. Интерпретация изменений строения сердца, имеющих неизвестное значение, отклонения в структуре и функционировании регуляторных систем головного мозга, целесообразность применения современных молекулярно-генетических методов посмертного исследования (молекулярной аутопсии) у погибших остаются основными нерешёнными диагностическими проблемами.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре систематизированы современные представления об этиопатогенетических механизмах внезапной аутопсия-негативной смерти в различных возрастных группах с акцентом на значимость применения молекулярной аутопсии в практике судебной медицины для установления точных причин смерти. Проанализированные источники литературы подтверждают исключительную важность комплексного подхода к постановке посмертного диагноза при внезапной аутопсия-негативной смерти. Одного лишь стандартного патологоанатомического или судебно-медицинского вскрытия зачастую недостаточно для установления причины смерти, поэтому современный протокол исследования необходимо расширять за счёт дополнительных методов. Учитывая гетерогенность группы внезапной аутопсия-негативной смерти, для установления причины смерти рекомендовано использовать мультидисциплинарный подход взаимодействия экспертов, генетиков и кардиологов. Интеграция высокотехнологичных методов в судебно-медицинскую практику позволяет преодолеть ограниченность стандартного протокола исследования и приблизиться к пониманию истинных причин внезапной смерти, а также даёт шанс предупредить её в семьях умершего.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>解剖阴性的猝死是法医学实践中的一项重大诊断难题。现阶段，其病因与发病机制尚未完全阐明。对于临床意义不明的心脏结构改变、脑部调控系统结构与功能的异常，以及在死者中应用现代分子遗传学方法（分子解剖）的必要性，仍是目前主要的未解诊断问题。</p> <p>本综述系统梳理了不同年龄组解剖阴性的猝死的现代病因与发病机制观点，重点强调了分子解剖在法医学实践中对于确定确切死因的重要意义。所分析的文献资料证实，对此类死亡进行死后诊断时，采用综合方法具有至关重要的作用。仅依靠标准的病理解剖学或法医学尸检常不足以确定死因，因此现代研究方案有必要补充额外的检验方法。鉴于解剖阴性的猝死群体的异质性，建议采用由鉴定专家、遗传学家和心脏病学家共同参与的多学科协作模式来确定死因。将高科技手段整合到法医学实践中，能够克服标准检验规程的局限，有助于理解猝死的真实原因，并为其亲属（家族成员）提供预防此类猝死的机会。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>sudden autopsy-negative death</kwd><kwd>molecular autopsy</kwd><kwd>control of breathing</kwd><kwd>channelopathies</kwd><kwd>subclinical cardiomyopathies</kwd><kwd>sudden cardiac death</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>внезапная аутопсия-негативная смерть</kwd><kwd>молекулярная аутопсия</kwd><kwd>регуляция дыхания</kwd><kwd>каналопатии</kwd><kwd>скрытые кардиомиопатии</kwd><kwd>внезапная сердечная смерть</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>解剖阴性的猝死</kwd><kwd>分子解剖</kwd><kwd>呼吸调节</kwd><kwd>通道病</kwd><kwd>隐匿性心肌病</kwd><kwd>心源性猝死</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><funding-statement xml:lang="en">The work was performed as a part of Government Contract No. 107.003.25.14 Research into Molecular Genetic Predictors of a Long-Term Sports Career and Epigenetic Modifications of the Genomes of Russian National Team Athletes (code: Career-25-27) dated June 20, 2025.</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="ru">Работа проведена на основании государственного контракта № 107.003.25.14 от 20.06.2025: «Исследование молекулярно-генетических предикторов длительной спортивной карьеры и эпигенетических модификаций генома спортсменов сборных команд Российской Федерации» (шифр: «Карьера-25-27»).</funding-statement><funding-statement xml:lang="zh">The work was performed as a part of Government Contract No. 107.003.25.14 Research into Molecular Genetic Predictors of a Long-Term Sports Career and Epigenetic Modifications of the Genomes of Russian National Team Athletes (code: Career-25-27) dated June 20, 2025.</funding-statement></funding-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Zeppenfeld K, Tfelt-Hansen J, de Riva M, et al; ESC Scientific Document Group. 2022 ESC Guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death. 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