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<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="ru"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Subscription journal</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Subscription journal</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Подписной журнал</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">2411-8729</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2409-4161</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">16321</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.17816/fm16321</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="edn">PBGPLD</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Научные обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="zh"><subject>科学评论</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Forensic entomology and time of death: scientific validity and use in Indian murder trials (a review)</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Судебная энтомология и определение давности наступления смерти: научная обоснованность и применение в индийской судебной практике по делам об убийствах (обзор)</trans-title></trans-title-group><trans-title-group xml:lang="zh"><trans-title>法医昆虫学与死后经过时间推断：科学依据及其在印度谋杀案件司法实践中的应用（综述）</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-9651-2173</contrib-id><name><surname>Kumar</surname><given-names>Rajneesh</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><email>rkgupta2311@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0004-9631-0085</contrib-id><name><surname>Kaur</surname><given-names>Gurminder</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>gurminder2410@pondiuni.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0003-5049-7967</contrib-id><name><surname>Anand</surname><given-names>Ankit</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><email>ankitanandcnlu@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0820-0352</contrib-id><name><surname>Parveen</surname><given-names>M. Shamima</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Associate Professor</p></bio><email>shamimaparveen.ssl@saveetha.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff3"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0001-0861-9911</contrib-id><name><surname>Manu</surname><given-names>Hrishikesh</given-names></name><address><country country="IN">India</country></address><bio xml:lang="en"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><bio xml:lang="zh"><p>MD, PhD, Assistant Professor</p></bio><email>hrishikeshmanu@cnlu.ac.in</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff4"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff1"><institution>Pondicherry University</institution></aff><aff id="aff2"><institution>SRM Institute of Science and Technology</institution></aff><aff id="aff3"><institution>Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences</institution></aff><aff id="aff4"><institution>Chanakya National Law University</institution></aff><content-language>ru</content-language><pub-date date-type="preprint" iso-8601-date="2026-02-22" publication-format="electronic"><day>22</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-04" publication-format="electronic"><day>04</day><month>03</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2025</year></pub-date><volume>11</volume><issue>4</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><issue-title xml:lang="zh"/><fpage>409</fpage><lpage>422</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-09-29"><day>29</day><month>09</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-12-29"><day>29</day><month>12</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2025, Эко-Вектор</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="zh">Copyright ©; 2025, Eco-Vector</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2025</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Эко-Вектор</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="zh">Eco-Vector</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" start_date="2028-03-04"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16321">https://nginx.mia-letum.ru/subscr/article/view/16321</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Forensic entomology involves the estimation of the Post-Mortem Interval (PMI) through forensic analysis of insect activity in human cadavers and is an important scientific method in murder investigations. This method is widely used in many parts of the world; however, it is still rare in judicial practice in India. Forensic entomology is often questioned for its scientific validity for estimating the time of death and this review discusses how such evidence is treated in Indian murder trials.</p> <p>This article investigates the entomological methods, specifically how necrophagous insects, such as blowflies and beetles, can help estimate the time of death, or the PMI. In addition, it explains why we should be cautious about these techniques, which are not as scientifically reliable as they seem, by providing examples of variable factors, including temperature, humidity, and geography, affecting the rate of decomposition and insect development.</p> <p>However, forensic entomology is a promising method, which has not been well received by the Indian judiciary due to the limited experience with the technique and the scarcity of accredited forensic entomologists in India. The review further highlights the challenges related to the acceptance of entomological evidence in Indian courts by comparing it with the international practice. Additionally, the authors propose legal reforms, such as standardized protocols, judicial training, and accreditation of forensic entomologists, to enhance the reliability of the technique in the Indian criminal justice system.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Судебная энтомология изучает методы определения давности наступления смерти путём анализа активности насекомых на трупе человека и представляет важный научный инструмент для расследования убийств. Данный метод получил широкое распространение во многих странах мира, однако в судебной практике Индии его применяют сравнительно редко. Научную обоснованность использования данных энтомологии для определения давности наступления смерти нередко ставят под сомнение.</p> <p>В настоящем обзоре анализируется практика использования подобных доказательств при судебных разбирательствах по делам об убийствах в Индии. Рассматриваются методы энтомологической экспертизы, включая оценку давности наступления смерти на основе активности насекомых-некробионтов, таких как падальные мухи и жуки. Кроме того, в статье обосновывается необходимость осторожного применения данных методов, поскольку их научная достоверность ниже, чем принято считать. Приводятся примеры таких переменных факторов, как температура, влажность и географические условия, которые влияют на скорость разложения трупа и цикл развития насекомых.</p> <p>Несмотря на значительный потенциал, судебная энтомология не нашла должного применения в индийской судебной практике по причине ограниченного опыта использования и дефицита квалифицированных судебных энтомологов, прошедших соответствующую аккредитацию. В статье также рассматриваются проблемы, связанные с признанием данных энтомологической экспертизы в качестве допустимых доказательств в судебных органах Индии, в сопоставлении с международной судебной практикой. Авторы также предлагают комплекс правовых реформ, включая внедрение стандартизированных протоколов, специализированную подготовку судей и аккредитацию судебных энтомологов, с целью повышения надёжности метода в условиях индийской системы уголовного правосудия.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="zh"><p>法医昆虫学研究通过对尸体上昆虫活动的分析来推断死后经过时间的方法，是谋杀案件调查中的重要科学工具。该方法在世界许多国家得到广泛应用，但在印度的司法实践中应用相对较少。利用昆虫学数据来确定死后经过时间的科学可靠性常常受到质疑。本综述分析了在印度谋杀案件审判中此类证据的使用实践，探讨了昆虫学鉴定的方法，包括基于尸食性昆虫（如丽蝇和甲虫） 活动评估死后经过时间。此外，文章论证了需谨慎应用这些方法，因其科学可靠性低于普遍预期。文中列举了温度、湿度及地理条件等变量因素，这些因素均会影响尸体分解速度及昆虫发育周期。尽管法医昆虫学潜力巨大，但因使用经验有限及缺乏经过相应认证的合格法医昆虫学家，其在印度司法实践中未得到应有重视。本文还探讨了与印度司法机构采信昆虫学鉴定证据相关的问题，并将其与国际司法实践进行了比较。作者还提出了一系列配套的法律改革措施，包括引入标准化操作程序、对法官进行专业培训以及建立法医昆虫学家认证制度，旨在提升该方法在印度刑事司法体系中的可靠性。</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)</kwd><kwd>expert witness testimony</kwd><kwd>forensic entomology</kwd><kwd>Indian murder trials</kwd><kwd>legal reforms</kwd><kwd>post-mortem interval</kwd><kwd>scientific reliability</kwd><kwd>review</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA)</kwd><kwd>свидетельские показания эксперта</kwd><kwd>судебная энтомология</kwd><kwd>судебные процессы по делам об убийствах в Индии</kwd><kwd>правовые реформы</kwd><kwd>давность наступления смерти</kwd><kwd>научная достоверность</kwd><kwd>обзор</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="zh"><kwd>Bharatiya Sakshya Adhiniyam (BSA，印度证据法)</kwd><kwd>专家证词</kwd><kwd>法医昆虫学</kwd><kwd>印度谋杀案件审判</kwd><kwd>法律改革</kwd><kwd>死后经过时间</kwd><kwd>科学可靠性</kwd><kwd>综述</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Matuszewski S. 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